Nanobots The New Nemesis Of Cancer Biology Essay

Nanobots The New Nemesis Of Cancer Biology Essay The term nanotechnology will be one which would be widely used in the near future. It is in the leading position in comparison to futuristic nanotechnologies e.g., surgical nanomachines in terms of extensive research, application and products in pipeline. Nanotechnology is popularly known as the science of small or scientifically can be described as the technology to develop materials and structures of the size range from 1 to 100 nanometres. It will have tremendous applications in the field of medicine especially for cancer treatment Oncologists, physicians who study, diagnose, and treat cancerous tumours, of every nook and corner of the world has been relentlessly researching for methods for the early detection of cancer and precious localization of cancer therapeutics with minimal adverse effects to healthy tissues. Research in nanotechnology has shown promising possibilities for achieving this goal Chemotherapy is one of the most common cancer treatments used. It is a process that makes use of cytotoxic chemicals to exterminate cancerous cells. The chemicals may either be injected or taken orally. Chemotherapy may also be administered by rubbing it on the patients body. But chemotherapy actually is a harsh form of cancer treatment that kills not only the target malignant cancerous cells, but also many good non-target tissues as well. In some cases it has been guessed that chemotherapy does more harm than good. The patients even if they recover from the cancer disease and avoid death through chemotherapy, they still will be affected by the harsh side effects of it. Some of those side effects may be more harmful and painful than the cancer they had before. But equally effective remedies have not yet been found. Nanobots are expected to change that. It will provide better ways which makes the treatment safer. By joining multidisciplinary engineering inventions in nanotechnology, an opportunity for development of enhanced, miniaturized and low cost diagnostic/imaging instruments and treatment machines has opened. The future possibility of tackling pain- the bitter side of cancer therapy, through nanotechnology would be considered one of the biggest breakthroughs. How are nanobots made and what are they made off Development of nanobots is a rather complicated process. Scientists have made significant progress in this field, but have not deployed a nanobot which is entirely mechanical. Most of the developed nanobots at present are partly or mostly biological in nature. Nanobots are adapted machine version of bacteria. They are designed in such manner so that they can function on the same way as that of both bacteria and common viruses in order to interact with and repel them from the human system. The best way to create a nanobot is to use another nanobot. But the problem lies in getting started. An ideal material for the construction of nanobots has not yet been found. But expert scientists believe that silicon may be that ideal material, because of its traditional use for delicate electronic devices. Microscopic silicon components called transducers have so far been successfully built into nanobot legs. Selection of an ideal fuel for its working is also a problem faced by the scientists since most of the commonly used fuel units like solar cell or batteries cannot be shrunk to nanoscale. However, nuclear technology may provide answer for this. Researchers consider of equipping a thin sheet of radioactive material as fuel. As the radioactive atoms decay and release energy the nanobot would be able to utilise this power source. Another nice side effect of this system is its ability to renew automatically. With the constant circulating nuclear energy it would supply, this fuel cell would never need to be replaced. Another method to power up the nanobot is using the patients ow n body. Nanobots acquire power directly from the bloodstream. A nanobot attached with electrodes can form a battery using the electrolytes found in the blood or the nanobot could contain some chemicals that would perform some chemical reactions with blood to produce energy. Structure and working of nanobots Nanobots are very small that they can easily enter the body and flow along the bloodstream. The exterior of the nanobots are constructed similar to the carbon atom structure in a diamond due to its inert properties and strength. It has super-smooth surfaces which lessens the triggering of the bodys immune system, allowing its movement inside the body unaffected. The glucose or sugars present inside the body may cause hindrance for its motion, and hence, the nanobots will have other biochemical or molecular parts depending on its tasks. There are few items that might be found in a nanobots toolkit. Those are Medicine cavity It is a hollow section inside the nanobot that preserves small doses of chemicals or medicine and could release the medication directly to the site of infection or injury. Nanobots can also store the chemicals used in chemotherapy to treat cancer and can carry it directly to the site. Although the amount of medication is comparatively very low, nanobots can apply it directly to the cancerous tissues more effectively than traditional chemotherapy, which depends on the bodys circulatory system to carry the chemicals throughout the patients body killing the cancerous cells and the same time affecting the other healthy cells of the body harmfully. Probes, knives and chisels It is used to remove blockages and plaque. Nanobot need some device to grab, break down and remove these abnormalities. They may also need some devices to crush clots into very small pieces. If a partial clot gets released and enters the bloodstream, it can cause more problems further down the circulatory system. Microwave emitters and ultrasonic signal generators It is used to destroy cancerous cells. The doctors depend on methods that will kill a cell without bursting it. A busted cancerous cell may release chemicals that could cause the cancer to spread further to other portions of the body. Nanobots can break the chemical bonds in the cancerous cell and kill it without breaking the cell wall using fine-tuned microwaves or ultrasonic signals. At the same time, the robot could emit microwaves or ultrasonic signals in order to heat the cancerous cells and destroy it. Electrodes Two electrodes extended from the nanobots generate electric current and heat the cell until it dies, thereby killing cancerous cells. Lasers By vaporising tissues, small and powerful lasers could remove harmful materials like plaque in arteries, cancerous cells or blood clots. Scientists are working hard to find a suitable design for the body of the nanobot. It must be fast, aerodynamic and smooth to flow freely along the body and to complete its function. Some believe that a spider-like body would work best, but many nanobot researchers also think that a smaller version of the centipede might be best. They hope that by equipping the nanobot with several sets of fast-moving legs and keeping its body low to the ground, they can create a quick, efficient machine that would also be suitably shaped for introduction into human blood vessels to perform its functions. Nanobots will possess at least the fundamental two-way communication, respond to audio signals and will be able to receive power or re-programming instructions from an external source via sound waves. A network of special stationary nanobots will be positioned throughout the body. These nanobots logs into each active nanobots as it passes and will report results, allowing the interface to keep track of all the nanobots present in the body. Using this, a doctor can not only monitor the patients progress but also can change the instructions for the nanobots to enter into another stage of the healing. When the tasks are completed, it can be flushed out from the body. Nanobots can be programmed to perform different jobs around the body, and one of them will be to locate and destroy cancerous cells. There will be different nanobots to do different jobs to help kill the cancer, for example, one will inject toxins, while the other cuts out the tumour carefully without damaging healthy cells around it. Another robot will be able to send video footage of this happening to the surgeon treating the patient. Advantages of the technology The different advantages of the usage of nanobots are A better method for cancer detection The most commonly used cancer detection techniques like optical identification of malignant changes, cell growth analysis, specific-ligand receptor labelling or genetic test are inaccurate, lengthy and complicated process, which is impractical for clinical use. The detection of cancerous cells using nanobots will be simpler and precise than the traditional methods. Nanobots covered with organic-based fluorescent dyes will be bound to the cancerous cells which makes optical detection easier. A better method for cancer treatment The popular treatments of cancer at present, like chemotherapy, have many harsh side effects even though it helps in the treatment of cancer. It kills healthy cells present in the body along with the cancerous cells and may cause some side effects or even a more painful disease than cancer in the future. They will not be able to live a normal life even after recovering from it. Nanobots on the other hand, carry the drugs or tools used to destroy cancer tissues directly to it. It will disperse the drugs directly to the cancerous cells which leave the healthy cells unaffected thus preventing further side effects to a great extent. Some achievements in nanobotics Researchers at the École Polytechnique de Montrà ©al, in Canada have created a microscopic device that could offer a new and very effective treatment for cancer. The research team has coupled live bacteria to microscopic polymer beads which can carry cancer-killings drugs to create nanobots. The bacterias small size and flagella helps them to fit in and flow through the smallest blood vessels in the human body. A research team of a Californian institute-Pasadena, injected nanobots into a patients bloodstream. It was able to enter into the cancer tumour, deliver double-stranded small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and turn off cancer genes. Reasons that slow down the use of nanobots at present Scientists do face challenges and are concerned of making nanobot tools effective and safe. For instance, creating a very small laser powerful enough to destroy cancerous cells is a great challenge, but its more difficult to design it so that the nanobot doesnt harm the healthy tissues surrounding the cancerous cells. Even though many scientific teams have developed nanobots that are small enough to enter into the bloodstream, its only the tip of the iceberg. They have to do more experiments and researches to make nanobots a real medical application. Another problem is with the quantity of toxin which goes into each capsule. This is because too much of the toxin at any one point can damage the body, therefore the process has to be spread out over a longer period of time, using lots of small doses. Nanobot consist of a transporting mechanism, an internal processor and a fuel unit. Creating a fuel unit at nano-scale is very difficult with current technology. Another problem in constructing nanobot is selection of material out of which it is made of and breaking it down small enough. The properties or behaviour of metals at large-scale and nano-scale might be different. Another factor that slows down its entry to the medical field is the high cost for the research, development and experiments. Some other applications of nanobots in the field of medicine Applications of nanobots in the field of medicine are practically unlimited. Some of the applications are Treating arteriosclerosis: Arteriosclerosis refers to an abnormality where plaque builds up along the walls of arteries, thereby hindering the normal flow of blood through it. Nanorobots can treat this condition by physically chipping away the plaque along artery walls which would then enter the bloodstream and gets removed from the body. Breaking up blood clots: Nanorobots could travel to blood clots which can cause complications ranging from muscle death to a stroke and break it up. This application can be one of the most dangerous uses of nanorobots, if the robot could not remove the blockage without losing even small pieces into the bloodstream. Small pieces, if entered into the bloodstream could then travel elsewhere into the body and cause more severe problems. The size of the robot also must be small enough so that it doesnt block the flow of blood itself through the arteries. Fighting cancer: Doctors are hopeful to use nanorobots either to attack tumours directly using lasers, microwaves or ultrasonic signals or as a part of a chemotherapy treatment, wherein medication can be delivered directly to the cancer site to treat the patient. According to doctors by delivering small but precise doses of medication to the patient, the side effects of the medicine will be minimized without a bit of loss in the effectiveness of the same. AIDS treatment: It can act as synthetic immune system of the AIDS affected patient which would help him to survive the disease. It could function as replacement helper-T cells in a weakened immune system Helping the body clot: Another particular kind of nanorobots named clottocyte is an artificial platelet, which carries a small mesh that dissolves into a sticky membrane upon contact with blood plasma. Robert A. Freitas, Jr., the scientist who designed the clottocyte, claims that clotting done by clottocyte could be up to 1,000 times faster than the natural clotting mechanism of the body. Doctors can use clottocytes to treat haemophiliacs or patients with serious open wounds also. Parasite Removal: Several nanorobots working together could directly release drugs on bacteria and small parasitic organisms inside a patients body and kill them all. Gout: One of the major functions of the kidney is to remove waste from the breakdown of fats from the bloodstream. The inability of kidney to perform this task develops the condition called Gout which causes waste to crystallize at points near joints like the knees and ankles. A nanorobot, though wouldnt be able to reverse the condition permanently, could break up the crystalline structures at the joints and provide relief from the intense pain at the joints, as a result of gout. Breaking up kidney stones: Kidney stones vary in size and are intensively painful to get removed normally as the size increases. Though doctors can break up comparatively large kidney stones using ultrasonic frequencies to get it removed normally, it is not always effective. A nanorobot could break up these stones using a small laser as well as can carry small ultrasonic signal generators to deliver frequencies directly to the kidney stones. Cleaning wounds: Nanorobots could help to remove dead remains from wounds and thereby decreasing the chances of infection. They can be used very effectively in cases of puncture wounds, where conventional methods of treatment are difficult. Conclusion Nanotechnology has become an emerging tool which helps to find solutions for several questions of different fields. It has provided the hope from preparing cure for many incurable and deadly diseases of the present. But still more researches and improvements are required, before actually applying it. The investments and resources required for the research, development and performance trials for nanobots are considerably large. Hence the sponsoring agencies, both private and government, should provide more investments and resources which make these nanotechnology inventions (like nanobots) more cost-effective and easily available for patients all across the world and of all economic classes. It will open a new horizon in the field of medicine especially for the study and treatment of cancer. Health departments in association with governments should form policies that support the usage of nanomaterials and prevent the use of treatments which are harmful and has harsh side effects, like chemotherapy, for cancer. The future holds lot of promises as nanotechnology has the potential to provide cancer therapy by challenging the problems like high treatment costs and undesirable side-effects. Glossary Therapeutics: The branch that deals specifically with the treatment of disease and the art and science of healing Diagnosis: Indicating the nature of a disease Nanoparticle: A particle of something with dimensions in the nanometre range Aerodynamics: The science which treats of the air and other gaseous bodies under the action of force, and of their mechanical effects Haemophilia: A tendency to uncontrolled bleeding References Rose SC, Hassanein TI, Bouvet M, Hart ME, Khanna A, Saville MW. Delivery of radiofrequency ablation probes to the targeted liver malignancy: Using all the players on the field. J Vasc Int Radiol 2002;vol:13;pg:1060-1. http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/nanorobot.htm/printable 16.9.2010 http://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-nanorobotics-full-report15.9.2010 http://www.bioline.org.br/request?cr0604514.9.2010 http://nanogloss.com/nanobots/what-nanobots-are-made-out-of/ 16.9.2010 http://nanogloss.com/nanobots/how-nanorobots-are-made/ 16.9.2010 http://nanogloss.com/nanobots/what-are-the-capabilities-of-nanobots/16.9.2010 Varadan VK, Harbaugh R, Abraham JK. Deep-brain stimulator and-control of Parkinsons disease. CongrÃŽÂ ¸s Smart electronics, MEMS, bioMEMS and nanotechnology. San Diego CA; 2004. Available from: http://www.smartpillcorp.com.. http://www.cancerjournal.net/article.asp?issn=0973-1482;year=2006;volume=2;issue=4;spage=186;epage=195;aulast=Hede#ref2. www.nanoscience.cam.ac.uk/schools/articles/cancerarticle.pdf.16.9.2010 Sinani VA, Koktysh DS, Yun BG, Matts RL, Pappas TC, Motamedi M, et al . Collagen coating promotes biocompatibility of semiconductor nanoparticles in stratified LBL films. Nano Lett 2003;3:1177-82 Sprintz M, Benedetti C, Ferrari M. Applied nanotechnology for the management of breakthrough cancer pain. Minerva Anestesiol 2005;71:419-23. Martel S, Hunter I. Nanofactories based on a fleet of scientific instruments configured as miniature autonomous robots. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Microfactories: USA; 2002. p. 97-100 Konig K, Riemann I, Fischer P, Halbhuber KJ. Intracellular nanosurgery with near infrared femtosecond laser pulses. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 1999;45:195-201 Carlier J, Arscott S, Thomy V, Camart JC, Cren-Olive C, Le Gac S. Integrated microfabricated systems including a purification module and an on-chip nano electrospray ionization interface for biological analysis. J Chromatogr A 2005;1071:213-22. Developments on Nanorobots with System on Chip May Advance Cancer Diagnosis, Cancer Treatment, Health Care News Articles, eMaxHealth, October 2006

Practical critical essay on ‘Jude’ Part 6 Ch.2. Essay

Little Father Time has just hanged himself and the other two children. Jude and Sue have just come across this scene of horror. Hardy cuts â€Å"upon the floor, on which was written, in the boy’s hand, with the bit†¦ † into short segments with commas giving the narration a breathless effect. It demonstrates Jude and Sue’s feelings towards the scene they have just witnessed. These commas also fashion the sentence as if it were being spoken by a child. There is no complex diction in this passage so it reflects the innocence of the children involved, which is quite a contrast from the adult and gothic language such as â€Å"half paralyzed† and â€Å"grotesque and hideous horror† used in the last paragraph. There is a pattern that emerges so whenever the narrator describes the scene (usually the most horrific parts), he uses simple, unadorned, monosyllabic words, i. e. â€Å"the little bed†, and – placing the negative first – â€Å"no children were there†. However, when describing the parents’ reaction, he uses more complicated and descriptive lexis. This gives rise to an unnerving, disturbing feeling for the reader. The note written to Jude and Sue by Little Father Time, â€Å"Done because we are too menny† explains clearly, why he had performed this task. This is a succinct, poignant note written with what is either no feeling whatsoever or overwhelming but repressed emotion. However, â€Å"menny† indicates the pure innocence and child-like quality of Little Father Time and it shows us the level of his education. ‘Menny’ incorporates the word ‘men’ and his ignorance of spelling may signify his ignorance of the ways of man. Perhaps in the word ‘Done’ there is a resonance of Macbeth’s â€Å"If it were done when ’tis done† (Act I scene VII) emphasizing the horrific finality and decisiveness to Little Father Time’s actions. Sue provoked Little Father Time into reflecting along these lines of their being too many of them due to her conversation with him in the last few pages. He asks, â€Å"It would almost be better to be out o’ the world than in it, wouldn’t it?†, and she off-handedly replies, â€Å"It would almost, dear. † This careless reply and its tragic ramification is a result of Sue’s narcissism and the solipsistic nature of both the parents towards Little Father Time. The language now becomes more elaborate and graphic as the children are no longer mentioned and the following paragraphs concern merely Jude and Sue. Sue realizes her careless words were responsible for Little Father Time’s actions. Her ‘convulsive agony’ that â€Å"knew no abatement† is powerfully personified, and implies that she is in the grip of someone who refuses to let go. The syntax, ending in the stark phrase â€Å"no abatement† makes Sue’s feeling even more infinite and absolute. She is so distraught that the woman of the house is â€Å"vainly trying to soothe her†, with her â€Å"eyes staring at the ceiling†. She seems to be undergoing an out-of-body experience. She is not to go upstairs because â€Å"her presence might do harm†; the intensive shock may also lead to endangering â€Å"a coming life†, her unborn baby would be the only child left in her life. Sue confesses she believes herself responsible for this and Jude replies â€Å"It was in his nature to do it†¦unknown in the last generation†: This is an allusion to a number of views and theories. Thomas Malthus published â€Å"An essay on the principle of population† in 1798. In it he argued against population growth. He believed that if one cannot afford to raise children, one should not bring them into the world. Jude quotes the doctor who says that such boys were not heard of in the last generation. Here, Darwin’s ‘The Origin of Species’ (1859) is being alluded to. Darwin proved humans are not special creatures chosen by God, but instead, simply animals that are highly evolved and well adapted to their surroundings. Hardy stresses the way that Little Father Time had struck at the conventional views of Victorian family life and instead of having the typical morals of a little boy, believed that survival was more important than family values. I believe that Little Father Time is in a sense more ‘highly evolved’ than Jude – Jude attempted to commit suicide and failed. Little Father Time however, did so – he is a child brought up without love. The use of the words â€Å"springing up† make this new type of child seem linked to regeneration, growth, felicity and seasonality, but in fact they bring death and are the product of â€Å"new views of life†. Of course Sue herself is a product of such views which perhaps have affected Little Father Time subconsciously. He never shows any signs of hope, happiness, excitement and general strong emotions until his last conversation with Sue, and even then he gives us no impression that he is going to murder his brother and sister and commit suicide. The child is an example of â€Å"the coming universal wish not to live† Jude states bleakly. This phrase demonstrate the thematic pessimism in the narrative, the apocalyptical nature of Little Father Time, and the fast approaching, universal nihilistic views of the end of the century. At the end of Jude’s version of the doctor’s analysis of Little Father Time, the text ends with an aposiopesis: â€Å"consolations to -â€Å". Jude’s composure cracks. Ironically, Jude stops short just as he mentions, â€Å"(the doctor) can give no consolation†, the phrase ‘no consolation’ extends Hardy’s apocalyptic theme of lack of hope. We find out Jude has composed himself for Sue, but could do so no longer, and in her efforts to comfort him, â€Å"distracted her from her poignant self-reproach†. Hardy describes what Sue sees when she is allowed to finally see the children. Little Father Time’s face â€Å"expressed the whole tale of their situation† which is clearly, death, despair, struggle, lack of love, and lack of hope. Linking the boy’s face to their situation describes them both perfectly well without describing either. The use of simple, unadorned language describing the boy as a ‘little shape’ shows us that the small boy is not yet defined, he is not yet delineated; he dies young and unformed. Hardy writes that in Little Father Time he â€Å"had converged all the inauspiciousness of Jude†. The child’s corpse conveyed the suggestion of the tragedy, despair and death that was looming in his relationship with Arabella, as well â€Å"all the accidents†¦ errors of the last†; the potent and tragic element of fate is stressed. Little Jude’s description as his parent’s ‘nodal point’ demonstrates that he is an entanglement where ‘inauspiciousness’ and the lack of love have become enmeshed. The paragraph concludes with a tricolon, â€Å"For the rashness of those parents he had groaned, for their ill-assortment he has quaked, and for the misfortunes of these he had died†. This relates to Jude’s relationships with Arabella and Sue, and Little Father Time’s short life; it is a conclusive and tragic summation of Little Father Time’s short life and tragic end. This scene hints at Hardy’s disaffection with God, and when Jude and Sue overhear the psalm â€Å"Truly God is loving unto Israel† we realize this disaffection is very tangible.

Geography of the Tropic of Capricorn

The Tropic of Capricorn is an imaginary line of latitude going around the Earth at approximately 23.5 ° south of the equator. It is the southernmost point on Earth where the suns rays can be directly overhead at local noon. It is also one of the five major circles of latitude dividing the Earth (the others are the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere, the equator, the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle). Geography  of the Tropic of Capricorn The Tropic of Capricorn is significant to understanding the Earths geography because it marks the southern boundary of tropics. This is the region that extends from the equator south to the Tropic of Capricorn and north to the Tropic of Cancer. Unlike the Tropic of Cancer, which passes through many areas of land in the northern hemisphere, the Tropic of Capricorn passes mainly through water because there is less land for it to cross in the southern hemisphere. However, it does cross through or is near places like Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, Madagascar, and Australia. Naming of the Tropic of Capricorn Around 2,000 years ago, the sun crossed into the constellation of Capricorn at the winter solstice around December 21. This resulted in this line of latitude being named the Tropic of Capricorn. The name Capricorn itself comes from the Latin word caper, meaning goat and was the name given to the constellation. This was then later transferred to the Tropic of Capricorn. It should be noted, however, that because it was named over 2,000 years ago, the specific location of the Tropic of Capricorn today is no longer in the constellation Capricorn. Instead, it is located in the constellation Sagittarius. Significance of the Tropic of Capricorn In addition to being used to aid in dividing the Earth into different parts and marking the southern boundary of the tropics, the Tropic of Capricorn, like the Tropic of Cancer is also significant to the Earths amount of solar insolation and the creation of seasons. Solar insolation is the amount of Earths direct exposure to the suns rays from incoming solar radiation. It varies over the Earths surface based on the amount of direct sunlight hitting the surface and it is mostly when it is directly overhead at the subsolar point which migrates annually between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer based on the Earths axial tilt. When the subsolar point is at the Tropic of Capricorn, it is during the December or winter solstice and is when the southern hemisphere receives the most solar insolation. Thus, it is also when the southern hemispheres summer begins. Furthermore, this is also when the areas at latitudes higher than the Antarctic Circle receive 24 hours of daylight because there is more solar radiation to be deflected south due to the Earths axial tilt.

Essay about Comparing Ancient Egypt/America - 733 Words

In comparing Ancient Egypt and modern day Americas, I found a few similarities and differences in their every day lifestyles. Things like religion, government, social class, writing, and their job specializations. It was surprising to me to find out that the ancient Egyptians way of leaving was somewhat like ours. Of course there are heavier differences, but still they were very modern for their times. Also I am in strong belief that we learned many things that are in our culture today from Ancient Egypt. In the category of job specialization the Egyptians had no real big corporations like we do today, but much simpler jobs. Some examples of their jobs are: artisans who were skilled craft workers, brick layers who built monuments and city†¦show more content†¦The Egyptians also worried very much about the after life and made many preparations before the afterlife. There graves were very important to them, and they also did much to keep them from decaying after they passed. That is why they had the idea of mummification to allow them to not decay long after they passed. We also pay a lot of money to allow us to keep from decaying on our burials and the coffins. The Ancient Egyptians government would be compared to as a kind of monarchy. Their King was called the Pharaoh and everyone in the civilization listened to everything that he said. Every Law and Business transaction went through this man. In our day we have only one leader but thousands of others that decide the laws of our country. We also have a vice president in America, if I had to pick a person to be the vice president of a Pharaoh in Egypt it would be the man called the viziers. He was also well respected in the community and mostly was involved in the business aspect of the Pharaohs job. The people of the Egyptian community really had no influence in the pharaohs decisions, unlike America where we vote on all of our government officials. 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